Add a config option to allow setting a custom Basic NSS/MCS set. As a
default we use single stream HE-MCS 0-7.
Signed-off-by: Shashidhar Lakkavalli <slakkavalli@datto.com>
Signed-off-by: John Crispin <john@phrozen.org>
The initial commit used srp instead of spr for the spatial reuse
configuration prefix.
Signed-off-by: Shashidhar Lakkavalli <slakkavalli@datto.com>
Signed-off-by: John Crispin <john@phrozen.org>
This adds support to hostapd for configuring airtime policy settings for
stations as they connect to the access point. This is the userspace
component of the airtime policy enforcement system PoliFi described in
this paper: https://arxiv.org/abs/1902.03439
The Linux kernel part has been merged into mac80211 for the 5.1 dev
cycle.
The configuration mechanism has three modes: Static, dynamic and limit.
In static mode, weights can be set in the configuration file for
individual MAC addresses, which will be applied when the configured
stations connect.
In dynamic mode, weights are instead set per BSS, which will be scaled
by the number of active stations on that BSS, achieving the desired
aggregate weighing between the configured BSSes. Limit mode works like
dynamic mode, except that any BSS *not* marked as 'limited' is allowed
to exceed its configured share if a per-station fairness share would
assign more airtime to that BSS. See the paper for details on these
modes.
Signed-off-by: Toke Høiland-Jørgensen <toke@toke.dk>
This field needs to be set to a value within 1-63 range, i.e., 0 is not
a valid value and does not indicate that BSS color is disabled. B7 of
the BSS Color octet is used to indicate that the BSS Color is
_temporarily_ disabled, but that is something that would happen
automatically based on detecting a collision in the used BSS colors and
not something that would be configured.
Signed-off-by: Jouni Malinen <jouni@codeaurora.org>
SPR allows us to detect OBSS overlaps and allows us to do adaptive CCA
thresholds. For this to work the AP needs to broadcast the element
first.
Signed-off-by: Shashidhar Lakkavalli <slakkavalli@datto.com>
Signed-off-by: John Crispin <john@phrozen.org>
This patch added 'check_cert_subject' support to match the value of
every field against the DN of the subject in the client certificate. If
the values do not match, the certificate verification will fail and will
reject the user.
This option allows hostapd to match every individual field in the right
order, also allow '*' character as a wildcard (e.g OU=Development*).
Note: hostapd will match string up to 'wildcard' against the DN of the
subject in the client certificate for every individual field.
Signed-off-by: Paresh Chaudhary <paresh.chaudhary@rockwellcollins.com>
Signed-off-by: Jared Bents <jared.bents@rockwellcollins.com>
Signed-off-by: Jouni Malinen <j@w1.fi>
The new hostapd configuration parameter wps_cred_add_sae=1 can be used
to request hostapd to add SAE configuration whenever WPS is used to
configure the AP to use WPA2-PSK and the credential includes a
passphrase (instead of PSK). This can be used to enable WPA3-Personal
transition mode with both SAE and PSK enabled and PMF enabled for PSK
and required for SAE associations.
Signed-off-by: Jouni Malinen <jouni@codeaurora.org>
Change the AP mode default for SAE to enable only the group 19 instead
of enabling all ECC groups that are supported by the used crypto library
and the SAE implementations. The main reason for this is to avoid
enabling groups that are not as strong as the mandatory-to-support group
19 (i.e., groups 25 and 26). In addition, this disables heavier groups
by default.
In addition, add a warning about MODP groups 1, 2, 5, 22, 23, and 24
based on "MUST NOT" or "SHOULD NOT" categorization in RFC 8247. All the
MODP groups were already disabled by default and would have needed
explicit configuration to be allowed.
Signed-off-by: Jouni Malinen <jouni@codeaurora.org>
The Wi-Fi Alliance Multi-AP Specification v1.0 allows onboarding of a
backhaul STA through WPS. To enable this, the WPS Registrar offers a
different set of credentials (backhaul credentials instead of fronthaul
credentials) when the Multi-AP subelement is present in the WFA vendor
extension element of the WSC M1 message.
Add new configuration options to specify the backhaul credentials for
the hostapd internal registrar: multi_ap_backhaul_ssid,
multi_ap_backhaul_wpa_psk, multi_ap_backhaul_wpa_passphrase. These are
only relevant for a fronthaul SSID, i.e., where multi_ap is set to 2 or
3. When these options are set, pass the backhaul credentials instead of
the normal credentials when the Multi-AP subelement is present.
Ignore the Multi-AP subelement if the backhaul config options are not
set. Note that for an SSID which is fronthaul and backhaul at the same
time (i.e., multi_ap == 3), this results in the correct credentials
being sent anyway.
The security to be used for the backaul BSS is fixed to WPA2PSK. The
Multi-AP Specification only allows Open and WPA2PSK networks to be
configured. Although not stated explicitly, the backhaul link is
intended to be always encrypted, hence WPA2PSK.
To build the credentials, the credential-building code is essentially
copied and simplified. Indeed, the backhaul credentials are always
WPA2PSK and never use per-device PSK. All the options set for the
fronthaul BSS WPS are simply ignored.
Signed-off-by: Davina Lu <ylu@quantenna.com>
Signed-off-by: Igor Mitsyanko <igor.mitsyanko.os@quantenna.com>
Signed-off-by: Arnout Vandecappelle (Essensium/Mind) <arnout@mind.be>
Cc: Marianna Carrera <marianna.carrera.so@quantenna.com>
The new sae_password parameter [|vlanid=<VLAN ID>] can now be used to
assign stations to a specific VLAN based on which SAE Password
Identifier they use. This is similar to the WPA2-Enterprise case where
the RADIUS server can assign stations to different VLANs and the
WPA2-Personal case where vlanid parameter in wpa_psk_file is used.
Signed-off-by: Jouni Malinen <j@w1.fi>
Extend wpa_psk_file to allow an optional VLAN ID to be specified with
"vlanid=<VLAN ID>" prefix on the line. If VLAN ID is specified and the
particular wpa_psk_file entry is used for a station, that station is
bound to the specified VLAN. This can be used to operate a single
WPA2-Personal BSS with multiple VLANs based on the used passphrase/PSK.
This is similar to the WPA2-Enterprise case where the RADIUS server can
assign stations to different VLANs.
Signed-off-by: Jouni Malinen <jouni@codeaurora.org>
This patch adds a new flag 'crl_reload_interval' to reload CRL
periodically. This can be used to reload ca_cert file and the included
CRL information on every new TLS session if difference between the last
reload and the current time in seconds is greater than
crl_reload_interval.
This reloading is used for cases where check_crl is 1 or 2 and the CRL
is included in the ca_file.
Signed-off-by: Paresh Chaudhary <paresh.chaudhary@rockwellcollins.com>
Signed-off-by: Jared Bents <jared.bents@rockwellcollins.com>
Add support for configuring parameters for the MU EDCA Parameter Set
element per IEEE P802.11ax/D3.0.
Signed-off-by: Siva Mullati <siva.mullati@intel.com>
Some distributions (e.g., Debian) have started introducting systemwide
OpenSSL policies to disable older protocol versions and ciphers
throughout all programs using OpenSSL. This can result in significant
number of interoperability issues with deployed EAP implementations.
Allow explicit wpa_supplicant (EAP peer) and hostapd (EAP server)
parameters to be used to request systemwide policies to be overridden if
older versions are needed to be able to interoperate with devices that
cannot be updated to support the newer protocol versions or keys. The
default behavior is not changed here, i.e., the systemwide policies will
be followed if no explicit override configuration is used. The overrides
should be used only if really needed since they can result in reduced
security.
In wpa_supplicant, tls_disable_tlsv1_?=0 value in the phase1 network
profile parameter can be used to explicitly enable TLS versions that are
disabled in the systemwide configuration. For example,
phase1="tls_disable_tlsv1_0=0 tls_disable_tlsv1_1=0" would request TLS
v1.0 and TLS v1.1 to be enabled even if the systemwide policy enforces
TLS v1.2 as the minimum version. Similarly, openssl_ciphers parameter
can be used to override systemwide policy, e.g., with
openssl_ciphers="DEFAULT@SECLEVEL=1" to drop from security level 2 to 1
in Debian to allow shorter keys to be used.
In hostapd, tls_flags parameter can be used to configure similar
options. E.g., tls_flags=[ENABLE-TLSv1.0][ENABLE-TLSv1.1]
Signed-off-by: Jouni Malinen <j@w1.fi>
The documentation in the hostapd.conf file says that the dynamic_vlan
variable is used to control whether VLAN assignments are accepted from a
RADIUS server. The implication seems to be that a static VLAN assignment
will come from the accept_mac_file if dynamic_vlan is set to 0, and a
dynamic assignment will come from the RADIUS server if dynamic_vlan is
set to 1. Instead, I'm seeing that the static settings from the
accept_mac_file are ignored if dynamic_vlan is set to 0, but used if
dynamic_vlan is set to 1. If dynamic_vlan is set to 1 and the RADIUS
server does not provide a VLAN, then the accept_mac_file assignment is
overridden and the STA is assigned to the default non-VLANed interface.
If my understanding of the expected behavior is correct, then I believe
the problem is in ap_sta_set_vlan(). That routine checks the
dynamic_vlan setting, but has no way of determining whether the incoming
vlan_desc is static (i.e., from accept_mac_file) or dynamic (i.e., from
a RADIUS server).
I've attached a patch that gets hostapd working as I believe it's meant
to, and updates the documentation to make the implicit behavior
explicit.
The functional changes are:
- hostapd_allowed_address() will always extract the vlan_id from the
accept_macs file. It will not update the vlan_id from the RADIUS cache
if dynamic_vlan is DISABLED.
- hostapd_acl_recv_radius() will not update the cached vlan_id if
dynamic_vlan is DISABLED.
- ieee802_1x_receive_auth() will not update the vlan_id if dynamic_vlan
is DISABLED.
More cosmetic:
Most of the delta is just moving code out of ieee802_1x_receive_auth()
into a new ieee802_1x_update_vlan() routine. While I initially did this
because the new DISABLED check introduced excessive indentation, it has
the added advantage of eliminating the vlan_description allocation and
os_memset() call for all DYNAMIC_VLAN_DISABLED configs.
I've done a couple rounds of review offline with Michael Braun (who has
done much of the work in this part of the code) and incorporated his
feedback.
If dynamic_vlan=0 (disabled), vlan assignments will be managed using the
local accept_mac_file ACL file, even if a RADIUS server is being used
for user authentication. This allows us to manage users and devices
independently.
Signed-off-by: Nils Nieuwejaar <nils.nieuwejaar@gmail.com>
An AP might reject a STA association request due to low RSSI. In such
case, the AP informs the STA the desired RSSI improvement and a retry
timeout. The STA might retry to associate even if the RSSI hasn't
improved if the retry timeout expired.
Signed-off-by: Beni Lev <beni.lev@intel.com>
Add the ability to ignore time-based CRL errors from OpenSSL by
specifying a new configuration parameter, check_crl_strict=0.
This causes the following:
- This setting does nothing when CRL checking is not enabled.
- When CRL is enabled, "strict mode" will cause CRL time errors to not
be ignored and will continue behaving as it currently does.
- When CRL is enabled, disabling strict mode will cause CRL time
errors to be ignored and will allow connections.
By default, check_crl_strict is set to 1, or strict mode, to keep
current functionality.
Signed-off-by: Sam Voss <sam.voss@rockwellcollins.com>
This makes it easier to integrate dynamic VLANs in custom network
configurations. The bridge name is added after the interface name in the
vlan_file line, also separated by whitespace.
Signed-off-by: Felix Fietkau <nbd@nbd.name>
The purpose of Multi-AP specification is to enable inter-operability
across Wi-Fi access points (APs) from different vendors.
This patch introduces one new configuration parameter 'multi_ap' to
enable Multi-AP functionality and to configure the BSS as a backhaul
and/or fronthaul BSS.
Advertise vendor specific Multi-AP capabilities in (Re)Association
Response frame, if Multi-AP functionality is enabled through the
configuration parameter.
A backhaul AP must support receiving both 3addr and 4addr frames from a
backhaul STA, so create a VLAN for it just like is done for WDS, i.e.,
by calling hostapd_set_wds_sta(). Since Multi-AP requires WPA2 (never
WEP), we can safely call hostapd_set_wds_encryption() as well and we can
reuse the entire WDS condition.
To parse the Multi-AP Extension subelement, we use get_ie(): even though
that function is meant for parsing IEs, it works for subelements.
Signed-off-by: Venkateswara Naralasetty <vnaralas@codeaurora.org>
Signed-off-by: Jouni Malinen <jouni@codeaurora.org>
Signed-off-by: Arnout Vandecappelle (Essensium/Mind) <arnout@mind.be>
Extend hostapd to allow the new OSU Provider NAI List ANQP-element to be
advertised in addition to the previously used OSU Providers list
ANQP-element. The new osu_nai2 configurator parameter option is used to
specify the OSU_NAI value for the shared BSS (Single SSID) case while
osu_nai remains to be used for the separate OSU BSS.
Signed-off-by: Jouni Malinen <jouni@codeaurora.org>
Clarify that wpa=2 (i.e., RSN) is used for WPA3 and list previously
undocumented wpa_key_mgmt values.
Signed-off-by: Jouni Malinen <jouni@codeaurora.org>
This allows hostapd DAS to be configured to allow any DAC (with the
matching shared secret) to send Disconnect-Request and CoA-Request
packets.
Signed-off-by: Jouni Malinen <jouni@codeaurora.org>
This makes it more convenient to generate the URL in a way that
interoperates between different vendors. The AP is simply copying the
already constructed URL as-is from Access-Accept to WNM-Notification.
This means that the HO AAA can generate the URL in a manner that works
for the associated T&C Server without having to coordinate with each AP.
Signed-off-by: Jouni Malinen <jouni@codeaurora.org>
This extends the SAE implementation in both infrastructure and mesh BSS
cases to allow an optional Password Identifier to be used. This uses the
mechanism added in P802.11REVmd/D1.0. The Password Identifier is
configured in a wpa_supplicant network profile as a new string parameter
sae_password_id. In hostapd configuration, the existing sae_password
parameter has been extended to allow the password identifier (and also a
peer MAC address) to be set. In addition, multiple sae_password entries
can now be provided to hostapd to allow multiple per-peer and
per-identifier passwords to be set.
Signed-off-by: Jouni Malinen <jouni@codeaurora.org>
This extends hostapd Access-Accept processing to check if the RADIUS
server indicated that Terms and Conditions Acceptance is required. The
new hs20_t_c_server_url parameter is used to specify the server URL
template that the STA is requested to visit.
This commit does not enable any kind of filtering, i.e., only the part
of forwarding a request from Access-Accept to the STA using
WNM-Notification is covered.
Signed-off-by: Jouni Malinen <jouni@codeaurora.org>
This extends hostapd with two new configuration parameters
(hs20_t_c_filename and hs20_t_c_timestamp) that can be used to specify
that the Terms and Conditions attributes are to be added into all
Access-Request messages for Hotspot 2.0 STAs.
Signed-off-by: Jouni Malinen <jouni@codeaurora.org>
This extends hostapd Hotspot 2.0 implementation to allow operator icons
to be made available. The existing hs20_icon parameter is used to define
the icons and the new operator_icon parameter (zero or more entries) is
used to specify which of the available icons are operator icons. The
operator icons are advertised in the Operator Icon Metadata ANQP-element
while the icon data can be fetched using the same mechanism (icon
request/binary file) that was added for the OSU Providers icons.
Signed-off-by: Jouni Malinen <jouni@codeaurora.org>
IEEE Std 802.11-2016, 12.7.1.7.1 indicates that the lifetime of the
PMK-R0 (and PMK-R1) is bound to the lifetime of PSK or MSK from which
the key was derived. This is currently stored in r0_key_lifetime, but
cache entries are not actually removed.
This commit uses the r0_key_lifetime configuration parameter when
wpa_auth_derive_ptk_ft() is called. This may need to be extended to use
the MSK lifetime, if provided by an external authentication server, with
some future changes. For PSK, there is no such lifetime, but it also
matters less as FT-PSK can be achieved without inter-AP communication.
The expiration timeout is then passed from R0KH to R1KH. The R1KH verifies
that the given timeout for sanity, it may not exceed the locally configured
r1_max_key_lifetime.
Signed-off-by: Michael Braun <michael-dev@fami-braun.de>
Add a new configuration option ft_r0_key_lifetime that deprecates
r0_key_lifetime. Though, the old configuration is still accepted for
backwards compatibility.
This simplifies testing. All other items are in seconds as well. In
addition, this makes dot11FTR0KeyLifetime comment match with what got
standardized in the end in IEEE Std 802.11r-2008.
Signed-off-by: Michael Braun <michael-dev@fami-braun.de>
The new venue_url parameter can now be used to set the Venue URL ANQP
information instead of having to construct the data and use
anqp_elem=277:<hexdump> to set the raw value.
Signed-off-by: Jouni Malinen <jouni@codeaurora.org>
The new hostapd.conf parameter sae_require_pmf=<0/1> can now be used to
enforce negotiation of MFP for all associations that negotiate use of
SAE. This is used in cases where SAE-capable devices are known to be
MFP-capable and the BSS is configured with optional MFP (ieee80211w=1)
for legacy support. The non-SAE stations can connect without MFP while
SAE stations are required to negotiate MFP if sae_require_mfp=1.
Signed-off-by: Jouni Malinen <j@w1.fi>
The new hostapd.conf parameter sae_sync (default: 5) can now be used to
configure the dot11RSNASAESync value to specify the maximum number of
synchronization errors that are allowed to happen prior to
disassociation of the offending SAE peer.
Signed-off-by: Jouni Malinen <j@w1.fi>
This allows external programs to get the average channel utilization.
The average channel utilization is calculated and reported through
STATUS command. Users need to configure chan_util_avg_period and
bss_load_update_period in hostapd config to get the average channel
utilization.
Signed-off-by: Bhagavathi Perumal S <bperumal@qti.qualcomm.com>
The new hostapd configuration parameter group_cipher can now be used to
override the automatic cipher selection based on enabled pairwise
ciphers. It should be noted that selecting an unexpected group cipher
can result in interoperability issues and this new capability is mainly
for testing purposes.
Signed-off-by: Jouni Malinen <jouni@qca.qualcomm.com>
Normally, WNM-Sleep Mode exit with management frame protection
negotiated would result in the current GTK/IGTK getting added into the
WNM-Sleep Mode Response frame. Some station implementations may have a
vulnerability that results in GTK/IGTK reinstallation based on this
frame being replayed. Add a new hostapd configuration parameter that can
be used to disable that behavior and use EAPOL-Key frames for GTK/IGTK
update instead. This would likely be only used with
wpa_disable_eapol_key_retries=1 that enables a workaround for similar
issues with EAPOL-Key. This is related to station side vulnerabilities
CVE-2017-13087 and CVE-2017-13088. To enable this AP-side workaround,
set wnm_sleep_mode_no_keys=1.
Signed-off-by: Jouni Malinen <j@w1.fi>
This adds a new hostapd configuration parameter
wpa_disable_eapol_key_retries=1 that can be used to disable
retransmission of EAPOL-Key frames that are used to install
keys (EAPOL-Key message 3/4 and group message 1/2). This is
similar to setting wpa_group_update_count=1 and
wpa_pairwise_update_count=1, but with no impact to message 1/4
retries and with extended timeout for messages 4/4 and group
message 2/2 to avoid causing issues with stations that may use
aggressive power saving have very long time in replying to the
EAPOL-Key messages.
This option can be used to work around key reinstallation attacks
on the station (supplicant) side in cases those station devices
cannot be updated for some reason. By removing the
retransmissions the attacker cannot cause key reinstallation with
a delayed frame transmission. This is related to the station side
vulnerabilities CVE-2017-13077, CVE-2017-13078, CVE-2017-13079,
CVE-2017-13080, and CVE-2017-13081.
This workaround might cause interoperability issues and reduced
robustness of key negotiation especially in environments with
heavy traffic load due to the number of attempts to perform the
key exchange is reduced significantly. As such, this workaround
is disabled by default (unless overridden in build
configuration). To enable this, set the parameter to 1.
It is also possible to enable this in the build by default by
adding the following to the build configuration:
CFLAGS += -DDEFAULT_WPA_DISABLE_EAPOL_KEY_RETRIES=1
Signed-off-by: Jouni Malinen <j@w1.fi>
This was originally added to allow the IEEE 802.11 protocol to be
tested, but there are no known fully functional implementations based on
this nor any known deployments of PeerKey functionality. Furthermore,
PeerKey design in the IEEE Std 802.11-2016 standard has already been
marked as obsolete for DLS and it is being considered for complete
removal in REVmd.
This implementation did not really work, so it could not have been used
in practice. For example, key configuration was using incorrect
algorithm values (WPA_CIPHER_* instead of WPA_ALG_*) which resulted in
mapping to an invalid WPA_ALG_* value for the actual driver operation.
As such, the derived key could not have been successfully set for the
link.
Since there are bugs in this implementation and there does not seem to
be any future for the PeerKey design with DLS (TDLS being the future for
DLS), the best approach is to simply delete all this code to simplify
the EAPOL-Key handling design and to get rid of any potential issues if
these code paths were accidentially reachable.
Signed-off-by: Jouni Malinen <j@w1.fi>
The new sae_password hostapd configuration parameter can now be used to
set the SAE password instead of the previously used wpa_passphrase
parameter. This allows shorter than 8 characters and longer than 63
characters long passwords to be used. In addition, this makes it
possible to configure a BSS with both WPA-PSK and SAE enabled to use
different passphrase/password based on which AKM is selected.
Signed-off-by: Jouni Malinen <jouni@qca.qualcomm.com>
The new hostapd configuration parameter owe_groups can be used to
specify a subset of the allowed DH groups as a space separated list of
group identifiers.
Signed-off-by: Jouni Malinen <jouni@qca.qualcomm.com>
The owe_transition_bssid and owe_transition_ssid parameters can now be
replace with owe_transition_ifname to clone the BSSID/SSID information
automatically in case the same hostapd process manages both the OWE and
open BSS for transition mode.
Signed-off-by: Jouni Malinen <jouni@qca.qualcomm.com>
The new owe_transition_bssid and owe_transition_ssid parameters can be
used to configure hostapd to advertise the OWE Transition Mode element.
Signed-off-by: Jouni Malinen <jouni@qca.qualcomm.com>
Add a build option to select different default ciphers for OpenSSL
instead of the hardcoded default "DEFAULT:!EXP:!LOW".
This new option is useful on distributions where the security level
should be consistent for all applications, as in Fedora [1]. In such
cases the new configuration option would be set to "" or
"PROFILE=SYSTEM" to select the global crypto policy by default.
[1] https://fedoraproject.org/wiki/Changes/CryptoPolicy
Signed-off-by: Beniamino Galvani <bgalvani@redhat.com>
Add OCE IE in Beacon, Probe Response, and (Re)Association Response
frames if OCE is enabled in the configuration.
Signed-off-by: Jouni Malinen <jouni@qca.qualcomm.com>
The default value for GTK rekeying period was previously hardcoded to
600 seconds for all cases. Leave that short value only for TKIP as group
cipher while moving to the IEEE 802.11 default value of 86400 seconds
(once-per-day) for CCMP/GCMP.
Signed-off-by: Jouni Malinen <jouni@qca.qualcomm.com>
The new acs_exclude_dfs=1 parameter can be used to request hostapd to
exclude all DFS channels from ACS consideration. This is mainly of use
for cases where the driver supports DFS channels, but for some reason a
non-DFS channel is desired when using automatic channel selection.
Previously, the chanlist parameter could have been used for this, but
that required listing all the acceptable channels. The new parameter
allows this to be done without such a list.
Signed-off-by: Jouni Malinen <jouni@qca.qualcomm.com>
Enable use of FT RRB without configuring each other AP locally. Instead,
broadcast messages are exchanged to discover APs within the local
network.
When an R0KH or R1KH is discovered, it is cached for one day.
When a station uses an invalid or offline r0kh_id, requests are always
broadcast. In order to avoid this, if r0kh does not reply, a temporary
blacklist entry is added to r0kh_list.
To avoid blocking a valid r0kh when a non-existing pmk_r0_name is
requested, r0kh is required to always reply using a NAK. Resend requests
a few times to ensure blacklisting does not happen due to small packet
loss.
To free newly created stations later, the r*kh_list start pointer in
conf needs to be updateable from wpa_auth_ft.c, where only wconf is
accessed.
Signed-off-by: Michael Braun <michael-dev@fami-braun.de>
Convert FT RRB into a new TLV based format. Use AES-SIV as AEAD cipher
to protect the messages.
This needs at least 32 byte long keys. These can be provided either
by a config file change or letting a KDF derive the 32 byte key used
from the 16 byte key given.
This breaks backward compatibility, i.e., hostapd needs to be updated on
all APs at the same time to allow FT to remain functional.
Signed-off-by: Michael Braun <michael-dev@fami-braun.de>
