/* * wpa_supplicant - WPA/RSN IE and KDE processing * Copyright (c) 2003-2015, Jouni Malinen * * This software may be distributed under the terms of the BSD license. * See README for more details. */ #include "includes.h" #include "common.h" #include "wpa.h" #include "pmksa_cache.h" #include "common/ieee802_11_defs.h" #include "wpa_i.h" #include "wpa_ie.h" /** * wpa_parse_wpa_ie - Parse WPA/RSN IE * @wpa_ie: Pointer to WPA or RSN IE * @wpa_ie_len: Length of the WPA/RSN IE * @data: Pointer to data area for parsing results * Returns: 0 on success, -1 on failure * * Parse the contents of WPA or RSN IE and write the parsed data into data. */ int wpa_parse_wpa_ie(const u8 *wpa_ie, size_t wpa_ie_len, struct wpa_ie_data *data) { if (wpa_ie_len >= 1 && wpa_ie[0] == WLAN_EID_RSN) return wpa_parse_wpa_ie_rsn(wpa_ie, wpa_ie_len, data); if (wpa_ie_len >= 6 && wpa_ie[0] == WLAN_EID_VENDOR_SPECIFIC && wpa_ie[1] >= 4 && WPA_GET_BE32(&wpa_ie[2]) == OSEN_IE_VENDOR_TYPE) return wpa_parse_wpa_ie_rsn(wpa_ie, wpa_ie_len, data); else return wpa_parse_wpa_ie_wpa(wpa_ie, wpa_ie_len, data); } static int wpa_gen_wpa_ie_wpa(u8 *wpa_ie, size_t wpa_ie_len, int pairwise_cipher, int group_cipher, int key_mgmt) { u8 *pos; struct wpa_ie_hdr *hdr; u32 suite; if (wpa_ie_len < sizeof(*hdr) + WPA_SELECTOR_LEN + 2 + WPA_SELECTOR_LEN + 2 + WPA_SELECTOR_LEN) return -1; hdr = (struct wpa_ie_hdr *) wpa_ie; hdr->elem_id = WLAN_EID_VENDOR_SPECIFIC; RSN_SELECTOR_PUT(hdr->oui, WPA_OUI_TYPE); WPA_PUT_LE16(hdr->version, WPA_VERSION); pos = (u8 *) (hdr + 1); suite = wpa_cipher_to_suite(WPA_PROTO_WPA, group_cipher); if (suite == 0) { wpa_printf(MSG_WARNING, "Invalid group cipher (%d).", group_cipher); return -1; } RSN_SELECTOR_PUT(pos, suite); pos += WPA_SELECTOR_LEN; *pos++ = 1; *pos++ = 0; suite = wpa_cipher_to_suite(WPA_PROTO_WPA, pairwise_cipher); if (suite == 0 || (!wpa_cipher_valid_pairwise(pairwise_cipher) && pairwise_cipher != WPA_CIPHER_NONE)) { wpa_printf(MSG_WARNING, "Invalid pairwise cipher (%d).", pairwise_cipher); return -1; } RSN_SELECTOR_PUT(pos, suite); pos += WPA_SELECTOR_LEN; *pos++ = 1; *pos++ = 0; if (key_mgmt == WPA_KEY_MGMT_IEEE8021X) { RSN_SELECTOR_PUT(pos, WPA_AUTH_KEY_MGMT_UNSPEC_802_1X); } else if (key_mgmt == WPA_KEY_MGMT_PSK) { RSN_SELECTOR_PUT(pos, WPA_AUTH_KEY_MGMT_PSK_OVER_802_1X); } else if (key_mgmt == WPA_KEY_MGMT_WPA_NONE) { RSN_SELECTOR_PUT(pos, WPA_AUTH_KEY_MGMT_NONE); } else if (key_mgmt == WPA_KEY_MGMT_CCKM) { RSN_SELECTOR_PUT(pos, WPA_AUTH_KEY_MGMT_CCKM); } else { wpa_printf(MSG_WARNING, "Invalid key management type (%d).", key_mgmt); return -1; } pos += WPA_SELECTOR_LEN; /* WPA Capabilities; use defaults, so no need to include it */ hdr->len = (pos - wpa_ie) - 2; WPA_ASSERT((size_t) (pos - wpa_ie) <= wpa_ie_len); return pos - wpa_ie; } static int wpa_gen_wpa_ie_rsn(u8 *rsn_ie, size_t rsn_ie_len, int pairwise_cipher, int group_cipher, int key_mgmt, int mgmt_group_cipher, struct wpa_sm *sm) { u8 *pos; struct rsn_ie_hdr *hdr; u16 capab; u32 suite; if (rsn_ie_len < sizeof(*hdr) + RSN_SELECTOR_LEN + 2 + RSN_SELECTOR_LEN + 2 + RSN_SELECTOR_LEN + 2 + (sm->cur_pmksa ? 2 + PMKID_LEN : 0)) { wpa_printf(MSG_DEBUG, "RSN: Too short IE buffer (%lu bytes)", (unsigned long) rsn_ie_len); return -1; } hdr = (struct rsn_ie_hdr *) rsn_ie; hdr->elem_id = WLAN_EID_RSN; WPA_PUT_LE16(hdr->version, RSN_VERSION); pos = (u8 *) (hdr + 1); suite = wpa_cipher_to_suite(WPA_PROTO_RSN, group_cipher); if (suite == 0) { wpa_printf(MSG_WARNING, "Invalid group cipher (%d).", group_cipher); return -1; } RSN_SELECTOR_PUT(pos, suite); pos += RSN_SELECTOR_LEN; *pos++ = 1; *pos++ = 0; suite = wpa_cipher_to_suite(WPA_PROTO_RSN, pairwise_cipher); if (suite == 0 || (!wpa_cipher_valid_pairwise(pairwise_cipher) && pairwise_cipher != WPA_CIPHER_NONE)) { wpa_printf(MSG_WARNING, "Invalid pairwise cipher (%d).", pairwise_cipher); return -1; } RSN_SELECTOR_PUT(pos, suite); pos += RSN_SELECTOR_LEN; *pos++ = 1; *pos++ = 0; if (key_mgmt == WPA_KEY_MGMT_IEEE8021X) { RSN_SELECTOR_PUT(pos, RSN_AUTH_KEY_MGMT_UNSPEC_802_1X); } else if (key_mgmt == WPA_KEY_MGMT_PSK) { RSN_SELECTOR_PUT(pos, RSN_AUTH_KEY_MGMT_PSK_OVER_802_1X); } else if (key_mgmt == WPA_KEY_MGMT_CCKM) { RSN_SELECTOR_PUT(pos, RSN_AUTH_KEY_MGMT_CCKM); #ifdef CONFIG_IEEE80211R } else if (key_mgmt == WPA_KEY_MGMT_FT_IEEE8021X) { RSN_SELECTOR_PUT(pos, RSN_AUTH_KEY_MGMT_FT_802_1X); } else if (key_mgmt == WPA_KEY_MGMT_FT_PSK) { RSN_SELECTOR_PUT(pos, RSN_AUTH_KEY_MGMT_FT_PSK); #endif /* CONFIG_IEEE80211R */ #ifdef CONFIG_IEEE80211W } else if (key_mgmt == WPA_KEY_MGMT_IEEE8021X_SHA256) { RSN_SELECTOR_PUT(pos, RSN_AUTH_KEY_MGMT_802_1X_SHA256); } else if (key_mgmt == WPA_KEY_MGMT_PSK_SHA256) { RSN_SELECTOR_PUT(pos, RSN_AUTH_KEY_MGMT_PSK_SHA256); #endif /* CONFIG_IEEE80211W */ #ifdef CONFIG_SAE } else if (key_mgmt == WPA_KEY_MGMT_SAE) { RSN_SELECTOR_PUT(pos, RSN_AUTH_KEY_MGMT_SAE); } else if (key_mgmt == WPA_KEY_MGMT_FT_SAE) { RSN_SELECTOR_PUT(pos, RSN_AUTH_KEY_MGMT_FT_SAE); #endif /* CONFIG_SAE */ } else if (key_mgmt == WPA_KEY_MGMT_IEEE8021X_SUITE_B_192) { RSN_SELECTOR_PUT(pos, RSN_AUTH_KEY_MGMT_802_1X_SUITE_B_192); } else if (key_mgmt == WPA_KEY_MGMT_IEEE8021X_SUITE_B) { RSN_SELECTOR_PUT(pos, RSN_AUTH_KEY_MGMT_802_1X_SUITE_B); } else { wpa_printf(MSG_WARNING, "Invalid key management type (%d).", key_mgmt); return -1; } pos += RSN_SELECTOR_LEN; /* RSN Capabilities */ capab = 0; #ifdef CONFIG_IEEE80211W if (sm->mfp) capab |= WPA_CAPABILITY_MFPC; if (sm->mfp == 2) capab |= WPA_CAPABILITY_MFPR; #endif /* CONFIG_IEEE80211W */ WPA_PUT_LE16(pos, capab); pos += 2; if (sm->cur_pmksa) { /* PMKID Count (2 octets, little endian) */ *pos++ = 1; *pos++ = 0; /* PMKID */ os_memcpy(pos, sm->cur_pmksa->pmkid, PMKID_LEN); pos += PMKID_LEN; } #ifdef CONFIG_IEEE80211W if (wpa_cipher_valid_mgmt_group(mgmt_group_cipher)) { if (!sm->cur_pmksa) { /* PMKID Count */ WPA_PUT_LE16(pos, 0); pos += 2; } /* Management Group Cipher Suite */ RSN_SELECTOR_PUT(pos, wpa_cipher_to_suite(WPA_PROTO_RSN, mgmt_group_cipher)); pos += RSN_SELECTOR_LEN; } #endif /* CONFIG_IEEE80211W */ hdr->len = (pos - rsn_ie) - 2; WPA_ASSERT((size_t) (pos - rsn_ie) <= rsn_ie_len); return pos - rsn_ie; } #ifdef CONFIG_HS20 static int wpa_gen_wpa_ie_osen(u8 *wpa_ie, size_t wpa_ie_len, int pairwise_cipher, int group_cipher, int key_mgmt) { u8 *pos, *len; u32 suite; if (wpa_ie_len < 2 + 4 + RSN_SELECTOR_LEN + 2 + RSN_SELECTOR_LEN + 2 + RSN_SELECTOR_LEN) return -1; pos = wpa_ie; *pos++ = WLAN_EID_VENDOR_SPECIFIC; len = pos++; /* to be filled */ WPA_PUT_BE24(pos, OUI_WFA); pos += 3; *pos++ = HS20_OSEN_OUI_TYPE; /* Group Data Cipher Suite */ suite = wpa_cipher_to_suite(WPA_PROTO_RSN, group_cipher); if (suite == 0) { wpa_printf(MSG_WARNING, "Invalid group cipher (%d).", group_cipher); return -1; } RSN_SELECTOR_PUT(pos, suite); pos += RSN_SELECTOR_LEN; /* Pairwise Cipher Suite Count and List */ WPA_PUT_LE16(pos, 1); pos += 2; suite = wpa_cipher_to_suite(WPA_PROTO_RSN, pairwise_cipher); if (suite == 0 || (!wpa_cipher_valid_pairwise(pairwise_cipher) && pairwise_cipher != WPA_CIPHER_NONE)) { wpa_printf(MSG_WARNING, "Invalid pairwise cipher (%d).", pairwise_cipher); return -1; } RSN_SELECTOR_PUT(pos, suite); pos += RSN_SELECTOR_LEN; /* AKM Suite Count and List */ WPA_PUT_LE16(pos, 1); pos += 2; RSN_SELECTOR_PUT(pos, RSN_AUTH_KEY_MGMT_OSEN); pos += RSN_SELECTOR_LEN; *len = pos - len - 1; WPA_ASSERT((size_t) (pos - wpa_ie) <= wpa_ie_len); return pos - wpa_ie; } #endif /* CONFIG_HS20 */ /** * wpa_gen_wpa_ie - Generate WPA/RSN IE based on current security policy * @sm: Pointer to WPA state machine data from wpa_sm_init() * @wpa_ie: Pointer to memory area for the generated WPA/RSN IE * @wpa_ie_len: Maximum length of the generated WPA/RSN IE * Returns: Length of the generated WPA/RSN IE or -1 on failure */ int wpa_gen_wpa_ie(struct wpa_sm *sm, u8 *wpa_ie, size_t wpa_ie_len) { if (sm->proto == WPA_PROTO_RSN) return wpa_gen_wpa_ie_rsn(wpa_ie, wpa_ie_len, sm->pairwise_cipher, sm->group_cipher, sm->key_mgmt, sm->mgmt_group_cipher, sm); #ifdef CONFIG_HS20 else if (sm->proto == WPA_PROTO_OSEN) return wpa_gen_wpa_ie_osen(wpa_ie, wpa_ie_len, sm->pairwise_cipher, sm->group_cipher, sm->key_mgmt); #endif /* CONFIG_HS20 */ else return wpa_gen_wpa_ie_wpa(wpa_ie, wpa_ie_len, sm->pairwise_cipher, sm->group_cipher, sm->key_mgmt); } /** * wpa_parse_vendor_specific - Parse Vendor Specific IEs * @pos: Pointer to the IE header * @end: Pointer to the end of the Key Data buffer * @ie: Pointer to parsed IE data * Returns: 0 on success, 1 if end mark is found, -1 on failure */ static int wpa_parse_vendor_specific(const u8 *pos, const u8 *end, struct wpa_eapol_ie_parse *ie) { unsigned int oui; if (pos[1] < 4) { wpa_printf(MSG_MSGDUMP, "Too short vendor specific IE ignored (len=%u)", pos[1]); return 1; } oui = WPA_GET_BE24(&pos[2]); if (oui == OUI_MICROSOFT && pos[5] == WMM_OUI_TYPE && pos[1] > 4) { if (pos[6] == WMM_OUI_SUBTYPE_INFORMATION_ELEMENT) { ie->wmm = &pos[2]; ie->wmm_len = pos[1]; wpa_hexdump(MSG_DEBUG, "WPA: WMM IE", ie->wmm, ie->wmm_len); } else if (pos[6] == WMM_OUI_SUBTYPE_PARAMETER_ELEMENT) { ie->wmm = &pos[2]; ie->wmm_len = pos[1]; wpa_hexdump(MSG_DEBUG, "WPA: WMM Parameter Element", ie->wmm, ie->wmm_len); } } return 0; } /** * wpa_parse_generic - Parse EAPOL-Key Key Data Generic IEs * @pos: Pointer to the IE header * @end: Pointer to the end of the Key Data buffer * @ie: Pointer to parsed IE data * Returns: 0 on success, 1 if end mark is found, -1 on failure */ static int wpa_parse_generic(const u8 *pos, const u8 *end, struct wpa_eapol_ie_parse *ie) { if (pos[1] == 0) return 1; if (pos[1] >= 6 && RSN_SELECTOR_GET(pos + 2) == WPA_OUI_TYPE && pos[2 + WPA_SELECTOR_LEN] == 1 && pos[2 + WPA_SELECTOR_LEN + 1] == 0) { ie->wpa_ie = pos; ie->wpa_ie_len = pos[1] + 2; wpa_hexdump(MSG_DEBUG, "WPA: WPA IE in EAPOL-Key", ie->wpa_ie, ie->wpa_ie_len); return 0; } if (pos + 1 + RSN_SELECTOR_LEN < end && pos[1] >= RSN_SELECTOR_LEN + PMKID_LEN && RSN_SELECTOR_GET(pos + 2) == RSN_KEY_DATA_PMKID) { ie->pmkid = pos + 2 + RSN_SELECTOR_LEN; wpa_hexdump(MSG_DEBUG, "WPA: PMKID in EAPOL-Key", pos, pos[1] + 2); return 0; } if (pos[1] > RSN_SELECTOR_LEN + 2 && RSN_SELECTOR_GET(pos + 2) == RSN_KEY_DATA_GROUPKEY) { ie->gtk = pos + 2 + RSN_SELECTOR_LEN; ie->gtk_len = pos[1] - RSN_SELECTOR_LEN; wpa_hexdump_key(MSG_DEBUG, "WPA: GTK in EAPOL-Key", pos, pos[1] + 2); return 0; } if (pos[1] > RSN_SELECTOR_LEN + 2 && RSN_SELECTOR_GET(pos + 2) == RSN_KEY_DATA_MAC_ADDR) { ie->mac_addr = pos + 2 + RSN_SELECTOR_LEN; ie->mac_addr_len = pos[1] - RSN_SELECTOR_LEN; wpa_hexdump(MSG_DEBUG, "WPA: MAC Address in EAPOL-Key", pos, pos[1] + 2); return 0; } #ifdef CONFIG_PEERKEY if (pos[1] > RSN_SELECTOR_LEN + 2 && RSN_SELECTOR_GET(pos + 2) == RSN_KEY_DATA_SMK) { ie->smk = pos + 2 + RSN_SELECTOR_LEN; ie->smk_len = pos[1] - RSN_SELECTOR_LEN; wpa_hexdump_key(MSG_DEBUG, "WPA: SMK in EAPOL-Key", pos, pos[1] + 2); return 0; } if (pos[1] > RSN_SELECTOR_LEN + 2 && RSN_SELECTOR_GET(pos + 2) == RSN_KEY_DATA_NONCE) { ie->nonce = pos + 2 + RSN_SELECTOR_LEN; ie->nonce_len = pos[1] - RSN_SELECTOR_LEN; wpa_hexdump(MSG_DEBUG, "WPA: Nonce in EAPOL-Key", pos, pos[1] + 2); return 0; } if (pos[1] > RSN_SELECTOR_LEN + 2 && RSN_SELECTOR_GET(pos + 2) == RSN_KEY_DATA_LIFETIME) { ie->lifetime = pos + 2 + RSN_SELECTOR_LEN; ie->lifetime_len = pos[1] - RSN_SELECTOR_LEN; wpa_hexdump(MSG_DEBUG, "WPA: Lifetime in EAPOL-Key", pos, pos[1] + 2); return 0; } if (pos[1] > RSN_SELECTOR_LEN + 2 && RSN_SELECTOR_GET(pos + 2) == RSN_KEY_DATA_ERROR) { ie->error = pos + 2 + RSN_SELECTOR_LEN; ie->error_len = pos[1] - RSN_SELECTOR_LEN; wpa_hexdump(MSG_DEBUG, "WPA: Error in EAPOL-Key", pos, pos[1] + 2); return 0; } #endif /* CONFIG_PEERKEY */ #ifdef CONFIG_IEEE80211W if (pos[1] > RSN_SELECTOR_LEN + 2 && RSN_SELECTOR_GET(pos + 2) == RSN_KEY_DATA_IGTK) { ie->igtk = pos + 2 + RSN_SELECTOR_LEN; ie->igtk_len = pos[1] - RSN_SELECTOR_LEN; wpa_hexdump_key(MSG_DEBUG, "WPA: IGTK in EAPOL-Key", pos, pos[1] + 2); return 0; } #endif /* CONFIG_IEEE80211W */ #ifdef CONFIG_P2P if (pos[1] >= RSN_SELECTOR_LEN + 1 && RSN_SELECTOR_GET(pos + 2) == WFA_KEY_DATA_IP_ADDR_REQ) { ie->ip_addr_req = pos + 2 + RSN_SELECTOR_LEN; wpa_hexdump(MSG_DEBUG, "WPA: IP Address Request in EAPOL-Key", ie->ip_addr_req, pos[1] - RSN_SELECTOR_LEN); return 0; } if (pos[1] >= RSN_SELECTOR_LEN + 3 * 4 && RSN_SELECTOR_GET(pos + 2) == WFA_KEY_DATA_IP_ADDR_ALLOC) { ie->ip_addr_alloc = pos + 2 + RSN_SELECTOR_LEN; wpa_hexdump(MSG_DEBUG, "WPA: IP Address Allocation in EAPOL-Key", ie->ip_addr_alloc, pos[1] - RSN_SELECTOR_LEN); return 0; } #endif /* CONFIG_P2P */ return 0; } /** * wpa_supplicant_parse_ies - Parse EAPOL-Key Key Data IEs * @buf: Pointer to the Key Data buffer * @len: Key Data Length * @ie: Pointer to parsed IE data * Returns: 0 on success, -1 on failure */ int wpa_supplicant_parse_ies(const u8 *buf, size_t len, struct wpa_eapol_ie_parse *ie) { const u8 *pos, *end; int ret = 0; os_memset(ie, 0, sizeof(*ie)); for (pos = buf, end = pos + len; pos + 1 < end; pos += 2 + pos[1]) { if (pos[0] == 0xdd && ((pos == buf + len - 1) || pos[1] == 0)) { /* Ignore padding */ break; } if (pos + 2 + pos[1] > end) { wpa_printf(MSG_DEBUG, "WPA: EAPOL-Key Key Data " "underflow (ie=%d len=%d pos=%d)", pos[0], pos[1], (int) (pos - buf)); wpa_hexdump_key(MSG_DEBUG, "WPA: Key Data", buf, len); ret = -1; break; } if (*pos == WLAN_EID_RSN) { ie->rsn_ie = pos; ie->rsn_ie_len = pos[1] + 2; wpa_hexdump(MSG_DEBUG, "WPA: RSN IE in EAPOL-Key", ie->rsn_ie, ie->rsn_ie_len); } else if (*pos == WLAN_EID_MOBILITY_DOMAIN && pos[1] >= sizeof(struct rsn_mdie)) { ie->mdie = pos; ie->mdie_len = pos[1] + 2; wpa_hexdump(MSG_DEBUG, "WPA: MDIE in EAPOL-Key", ie->mdie, ie->mdie_len); } else if (*pos == WLAN_EID_FAST_BSS_TRANSITION && pos[1] >= sizeof(struct rsn_ftie)) { ie->ftie = pos; ie->ftie_len = pos[1] + 2; wpa_hexdump(MSG_DEBUG, "WPA: FTIE in EAPOL-Key", ie->ftie, ie->ftie_len); } else if (*pos == WLAN_EID_TIMEOUT_INTERVAL && pos[1] >= 5) { if (pos[2] == WLAN_TIMEOUT_REASSOC_DEADLINE) { ie->reassoc_deadline = pos; wpa_hexdump(MSG_DEBUG, "WPA: Reassoc Deadline " "in EAPOL-Key", ie->reassoc_deadline, pos[1] + 2); } else if (pos[2] == WLAN_TIMEOUT_KEY_LIFETIME) { ie->key_lifetime = pos; wpa_hexdump(MSG_DEBUG, "WPA: KeyLifetime " "in EAPOL-Key", ie->key_lifetime, pos[1] + 2); } else { wpa_hexdump(MSG_DEBUG, "WPA: Unrecognized " "EAPOL-Key Key Data IE", pos, 2 + pos[1]); } } else if (*pos == WLAN_EID_LINK_ID) { if (pos[1] >= 18) { ie->lnkid = pos; ie->lnkid_len = pos[1] + 2; } } else if (*pos == WLAN_EID_EXT_CAPAB) { ie->ext_capab = pos; ie->ext_capab_len = pos[1] + 2; } else if (*pos == WLAN_EID_SUPP_RATES) { ie->supp_rates = pos; ie->supp_rates_len = pos[1] + 2; } else if (*pos == WLAN_EID_EXT_SUPP_RATES) { ie->ext_supp_rates = pos; ie->ext_supp_rates_len = pos[1] + 2; } else if (*pos == WLAN_EID_HT_CAP) { ie->ht_capabilities = pos + 2; ie->ht_capabilities_len = pos[1]; } else if (*pos == WLAN_EID_VHT_AID) { if (pos[1] >= 2) ie->aid = WPA_GET_LE16(pos + 2) & 0x3fff; } else if (*pos == WLAN_EID_VHT_CAP) { ie->vht_capabilities = pos + 2; ie->vht_capabilities_len = pos[1]; } else if (*pos == WLAN_EID_QOS && pos[1] >= 1) { ie->qosinfo = pos[2]; } else if (*pos == WLAN_EID_SUPPORTED_CHANNELS) { ie->supp_channels = pos + 2; ie->supp_channels_len = pos[1]; } else if (*pos == WLAN_EID_SUPPORTED_OPERATING_CLASSES) { /* * The value of the Length field of the Supported * Operating Classes element is between 2 and 253. * Silently skip invalid elements to avoid interop * issues when trying to use the value. */ if (pos[1] >= 2 && pos[1] <= 253) { ie->supp_oper_classes = pos + 2; ie->supp_oper_classes_len = pos[1]; } } else if (*pos == WLAN_EID_VENDOR_SPECIFIC) { ret = wpa_parse_generic(pos, end, ie); if (ret < 0) break; if (ret > 0) { ret = 0; break; } ret = wpa_parse_vendor_specific(pos, end, ie); if (ret < 0) break; if (ret > 0) { ret = 0; break; } } else { wpa_hexdump(MSG_DEBUG, "WPA: Unrecognized EAPOL-Key " "Key Data IE", pos, 2 + pos[1]); } } return ret; }